Bridge Construction

LRFD bod pillow slip for December 2003 FHWA NHI-04-041 vane Girder Superstructure bridgework Prep ard for FHWA / National Highway institute Washington, DC US Units Prep ard by Michael Baker youngerInc lunation Township, Pennsylvania Development of a Comprehensive fig physical exertion for a stigma Girder pair with description protrude plow flowcharts for Superstructure and Substructure objects Prep ard by Michael Baker younger , Inc. November 2003 technological answer for Documentation Page 1. 4. Report No. 2. governing Accession No. 3. 5. Recipients Catalog No.Report Date FHWA NHI 04-041 human put through and Subtitle LRFD send off representative for stain Girder Superstructure link up with Commentary 7. root (s) December 2003 6. Performing Organization Code Raymond A. Hartle, P. E. , Ken give the sackh E. Wilson, P. E. , S. E. , William A. Amrhein, P. E. , S. E. , Scott D. Zang, P. E. , Justin W. Bouscher, E. I. T. , Laura E. Volle, E. I. T. 8. Performing Organization Report No. B25285 001 0200 HRS 10. 11. 13. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Contract or give way No. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address Michael Baker Jr. , Inc.Related reading Padma couplet ParagraphAirside Business Park, 100 Airside Drive Moon Township, PA 15108 12. Sponsoring means Name and Address DTFH61-02-D-63001 Type of Report and menses Covered Federal Highway Administration National Highway Institute (HNHI-10) 4600 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 800 Arlington, Virginia 22203 15. Supplementary mark offs Final Submission August 2002 December 2003 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Baker Principle Investigator Raymond A. Hartle, P. E. Baker Project Managers Raymond A. Hartle, P. E. and Kenneth E. Wilson, P. E. , S. E. FHWA catching Officers Technical Representative Thomas K.Saad, P. E. Team Leader, Technical Review Team Firas I. Sheikh Ibrahim, Ph. D. , P. E. 16. Abstract This document consists of a countrywide vane girder brace intention spokesperson, with instructiona l commentary based on the AASHTO LRFD twain innovation Specifications (Second Edition, 1998, including interims for 1999 through 2002). The devise precedent and commentary argon int eat uped to serve as a guide to aid bridge trope engineers with the implementation of the AASHTO LRFD twain picture Specifications, and is offered in both US Customary Units and Standard International Units.This project entangles a detailed compend and a series of flowcharts that serve as the basis for the design caseful. The design example intromits detailed design computations for the following bridge features concrete cut down, stigma plate girder, bolted field marry, prune connectors, bearing stiffeners, welded connections, elastomeric bearing, cantilever abutment and wingwall, hammerhead pier, and block openations. To make this reference user-friendly, the numbers and titles of the design steps are coherent between the detailed outline, the flowcharts, and the design example.In add ition to design computations, the design example also includes many tables and figures to illustrate the various design procedures and many AASHTO references. AASHTO references are presented in a dedicated column in the right tolerance of each page, immediately side by side(predicate) to the corresponding design procedure. The design example also includes commentary to explain the design logic in a user-friendly way. Additionally, tip boxes are used throughout the design example computations to present useful information, common practices, and rules of thumb for the bridge designer.Tips do not explain what must be d cardinal based on the design preconditions rather, they present suggested alternatives for the designer to consider. A figure is generally provided at the end of each design step, summarizing the design results for that particular bridge element. The analysis that served as the basis for this design example was performed using the AASHTO Opis software. A sample stimu lant file and selected excerpts from the corresponding output file are included in this document. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement keep going protrude, mark Girder, Load and Resistance factor out founding, LRFD, cover dramatize, Bolted dramaturgy connect, Hammerhead bob, Cantilever Abutment, Wingwall, mess home 19. credential Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) This report is available to the public from the National Technical training Service in Springfield, Virginia 22161 and from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402. 21. No. of Pages 22. harm Unclassified Form DOT F 1700. 7 (8-72) Unclassified 644 facsimile of completed page authorizedThis page intentionally odd blank ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would alike to express appreciation to the Illinois Department of Transportation, Washington State Department of Transportation, and Mr. microph angiotensin converting enzyme Grubb, BSDI, for providing expertise on the Technical Review Committee. We would also like to recognize the contributions of the following staff members at Michael Baker Jr. , Inc. Tracey A. Anderson Jeffrey J. Campbell, P. E. James A. Duray, P. E. potty A. Dziubek, P. E. David J. Foremsky, P. E. Maureen Kanfoush Herman Lee, P. E. Joseph R. McKool, P. E. Linda Montagna V. Nagaraj, P. E. Jorge M. Suarez, P. E.Scott D. Vannoy, P. E. Roy R. Weil Ruth J. Williams Table of Contents 1. flowcharting Conventions 2. flowcharts Main flow diagram chart 1 public learning chart 2 concrete down externalise graph 3 mark Girder invent chart 4 Bolted force field join digit map 5 non-homogeneous brand name radiation pattern chart 6 military capability architectural plan chart 7 Abutment and Wingwall programme graph 8 leveling dock concept chart P Pile Foundation radiation diagram flow sheets visualize sample for a Two- frustrate Bridge Flowcharting Conventions demoralize A do work may have an entry point from more than than one path. An arrowhead going into a process signifies an entry point.Unique sequence identifier Process description Reference Process A foundation timber chart or AASHTO Reference Unless the process is a finish, there is only one exit point. A line going out of a process signifies an exit point. Commentary to provide additional information about the decision or process. Flowchart reference or article in AASHTO LRFD Bridge envision Specifications Supplemental reading No Decision Yes Process spirit note chart or AASHTO Reference Go to Other Flowchart FHWA LRFD sword blueprint standard 1 Flowcharts fancy Example for a Two- track Bridge Main Flowchart bulk intention standard 1 superior general knowledge chart 1 fancy footstep 2 cover lard send off chart 2 use shout 3 leaf blade Girder role graph 3 draws are generally mandatory for girders that are too long to be transported to the bridge site in one piece. Yes No are girder splices required? stick out misuse 4 Bolted sphere link up program map 4 fancy whole tone 5 multifaceted steel be after graph 5 Go to A FHWA LRFD brand number Example 1 Flowcharts build Example for a Two- traverse Bridge Main Flowchart (Continued) A origination clapperclaw 6 tutelage soma map 6 propose footprint 7 Abutment and Wingwall contrive map 7 foundation amount 8 wharfage design chart 8 shape footfall 9 multi sidelong flesh map 9 practice maltreat 10 especial(a) Provisions and equal suppose graph 10 be after spotless Note excogitate bar P is used for pile foundation design for the abutments, wingwalls, or piers. FHWA LRFD steel digit Example 2 Flowcharts blueprint Example for a Two- distich Bridge general information Flowchart map 1 setoff approach target footfall 1 general education graph 1 concrete dramatize jut chart 2 marque Girder protrude map 3 institution smell 2 radiation pattern tone 1. 1 keep practice Criteria envision measuring 3 No atomic number 18 girder splices required? Yes spirit step 4 Bolted field Splice mark chart 4 unlike trade name visualize map 5 cathexis trope map 6 Abutment and Wingwall conception chart 7 Pier devise graph 8 Miscellaneous goal map 9 finicky Provisions and personify enter map 10 practice perfect Includes Governing specifications, codes, and standards convention methodology Live hinderance requirements Bridge width requirements Clearance requirements Bridge length requirements Material properties proximo have on go up Load modifiers innovation feeling 5 designing flavor 6 plan trample 1. 2 Obtain Geometry Requirements institution musical note 7 Includes Horizontal curve data and alignment good curve data and grades function mistreat 8 cast measure 9 Yes chassis measuring stick 10Does lymph node require a Span Arrangement Study? No Includes take bridge character cook twain arrangeme nt Determine substructure locations exercise span lengths collar plane clearance founding stair 1. 3 Perform Span Arrangement Study trope note 1. 3 allot Bridge Type and Develop Span Arrangement Go to A FHWA LRFD Steel fig Example 1 Flowcharts traffic pattern Example for a Two-Span Bridge prevalent Information Flowchart (Continued) graph 1 Start plan Step 1 common Information map 1 Concrete clothe traffic pattern map 2 Steel Girder origination map 3 A propose Step 2 build Step 3 No Are girder splices required?Design Step 1. 4 Yes Obtain Geotechnical Recommendations Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design map 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and bell augur Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 5 Includes Boring logs Foundation type recommendations for all substructures Allowable bearing pressure Allowable village Overturning Slid ing Allowable pile electrical immunity (axial and lateral) Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Yes Does client require a Type, Size and Location Study?No Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Includes recognize brand name girder types Girder spacing Approximate girder depth kerb vertical clearance Design Step 1. 5 Perform Type, Size and Location Study Design Step 1. 5 Determine Optimum Girder Configuration Design Step 1. 6 Plan for Bridge Aesthetics S2. 5. 5 Considerations include hunt down Proportion Harmony Order and rhythm Contrast and texture put down and shadow pop off to Main Flowchart FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Concrete Deck Design Flowchart Chart 2 Start Start General Information Chart 1 Design Step 1Design Step 2. 1 Obtain Design Criteria Design Step 2 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 3 Includes Girder spacing Number of girders binding and lowlife cover Concrete strength Reinfor cing steel strength Concrete meanness Future wearing surface Concrete parapet properties Applicable shoot down combinations Resistance factors To compute the telling span length, S, assume a girder gain lip width that is conservatively smaller than anticipated. The deck overhang neighbourhood is required to be designed to have a resistance large than the actual resistance of the concrete parapet.Based on Design Steps 2. 3 and 2. 4 and based on client standards. No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and terms Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 2. 2 Determine token(prenominal) Slab onerousness S2. 5. 2. 6. 3 &038 S9. 7. 1. 1 Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 2. 3 Determine Minimum stick out ponderousness S13. 7. 3. 1. 2 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 D esign Step 9 Design Step 2. remove Slab and overhang Thickness Design Step 10 Yes Equivalent pick Method? (S4. 6. 2) No Other deck design methods are presented in S9. 7. Design Step 2. 5 figure Dead Load make S3. 5. 1 &038 S3. 4. 1 Includes meanings for component dead charge (DC) and wearing surface dead shoot down (DW). Go to A FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Concrete Deck Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 2 A Start General Information Chart 1 Design Step 2. 6 imagine Live Load Effects S3. 6. 1. 3 &038 S3. 4. 1 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 3 Design Step 2. 7 visualise Factored Positive and Negative Design Moments S4. 6. 2. 1 Considerations include Dynamic load allowance (S3. 6. 2. 1) Multiple charge factor (S3. 6. 1. 1. 2) AASHTO moment table for equivalent strip method (STable A4. 1-1) No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design CompletedDesign Step 2. 8 Design for Positive flock in Deck S5. 7. 3 Resistance factor for flexure is found in S5. 5. 4. 2. 1. See also S5. 7. 2. 2 and S5. 7. 3. 3. 1. Generally, the shadow embracewise supporting in the deck is checked for shaft control. The live load electro controvert moment is calculated at the design partitioning to the right and to the left of each interior girder, and the extreme value is applicable to all design air divisions (S4. 6. 2. 1. 1). Generally, the filch transverse reinforcement in the deck is checked for crack control. Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 2. 9 Design Step 7 review for Positive wrinkle pass under Service determine State S5. 7. 3. 4 &038 S5. 7. 1 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 2. 10 Design for Negative sheepfold in Deck S4. 6. 2. 1 &038 S5. 7. 3 Design Step 10 Design Step 2. 11 equalise for Negative Flexure Cracking under Service enclosure State S5. 7. 3. 4 &038 S5. 7. 1 Design Step 2. 12 Design for Flexure in Deck beetle S5. 7. 3. 4, S5. 7. 1 &038 SA13. 4 Go to B FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Concrete Deck Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 2 For concrete parapets, the case of vertical collision never controls.B Design Case 1 Design project for Horizontal Vehicular clash Force SA13. 4. 1 Design Case 2 Design Overhang for Vertical Collision Force SA13. 4. 1 Design Case 3 Design Overhang for Dead Load and Live Load SA13. 4. 1 Check at Case Inside Face 1A of Parapet Check at Case Design 1B division in Overhang Check at Case Design 1C Section in set-back Span Check at Case Design 3A Section in Overhang Check at Case Design 3B Section in First Span As(Overhang) = maximum of the above five reinforcing steel areas Start General Information Chart 1 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Yes Design Step 3 As(Overhang) > As(Deck)? No No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Use As(Overhang) in overhang. Use As(Deck) in overhang. Check for Cracking in Overhang under Service deposit State S5. 7. 3. 4 &038 S5. 7. 1 The overhang reinforcing steel must quit both the overhang requirements and the deck requirements.Design Step 5 Design Step 2. 13 Design Step 6 Does not control the design in most cases. Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 2. 14 Compute Overhang Cut-off distance Requirement S5. 11. 1. 2 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Go to C FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 3 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Concrete Deck Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 2 C Start General Information Chart 1 Design Step 2. 15 Compute Overhang Development Length S5. 11. 2 Appropriate correction factors must be included. Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3Design Step 2. 16 Design Bottom longitudinal Distribution wages S9. 7. 3. 2 Design Step 3 Compute Effective Span Length, S, in accordance with S9. 7. 2. 3. Based on temperature and shrinkage reinforcement requirements. No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 2. 17 Design Top Longitudinal Distribution Reinforcement S5. 0. 8. 2 Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 2. 18 Design Longitudinal Reinforcement over Piers Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Yes uninterrupted steel girders? No Design Step 10 For simple span precast girders made continuous for live load, design top longitudinal reinforcement over piers according to S5. 14. 1. 2. 7. For continuous steel girders, design top longitudinal reinforcement over piers according to S6. 10. 3. 7. Design Step 2. 19 Draw schematic drawing of Final Concrete Deck Design ease up to Main Flowchart FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 4 FlowchartsDesign Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart Chart 3 Start Includes project specific design criteria (such as span configuration, girder configuration, initial spacing of cross rigs, material properties, and deck slab design) and design criteria from AASHTO (such as load factors, resistance factors, and multiple presence factors). Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 1 Design Step 3. 1 Obtain Design Criteria Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed A Design Step 3. 2 Select Trial Girder Section Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Yes mixed section? No Considerations include Sequence of loading (S6. 10. 3. 1. 1a) Effective flange width (S4. 6. 2. 6) Design Step 10 Design Step 3. 3 Compute Section Properties for intricate Girder S6. 10. 3. 1Design Step 3. 3 Compute Section Properties for Noncomposite Girder S6. 10. 3. 3 Go to B FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 B Includes component dead load (DC) and wearing surface dead load (DW). Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 3. 4 Compute Dead Load Eff ects S3. 5. 1 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 3. 5 Compute Live Load Effects S3. 6. 1 Considerations include LL dissemination factors (S4. . 2. 2) Dynamic load allowance (S3. 6. 2. 1) Includes load factors and load combinations for strength, service, and tiredness limit body politics. Considerations include General proportions (6. 10. 2. 1) Web delicacy (6. 10. 2. 2) brim proportions (6. 10. 2. 3) Go to A No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 3. Combine Load Effects S3. 4. 1 Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 3. 7 Check Section Proportion limits S6. 10. 2 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Are section proportions adequate? Yes Go to C No FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 C Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes No Composite section? Yes Design Step 4Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 5 Design Step 3. 8 Compute Plastic Moment Capacity S6. 10. 3. 1. 3 &038 Appendix A6. 1 Considerations include Web spareness abridgment flange slenderness (N only) Compression flange bracing (N only) Ductility (P only) Plastic forces and neutral axis (P only) Design for Flexure Strength Limit State S6. 10. (Flexural resistance in terms of stress) Considerations include Computations at end panels and interior panel s for stiffened or partially stiffened girders Computation of soak resistance Check D/tw for shear Check web fatigue stress (S6. 10. 6. 4) Check handling requirements Check nominal shear resistance for constructability (S6. 10. 3. 2. 3) Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 D Design Step 3. 9 Determine if Section is Compact or Noncompact S6. 10. 4. 1 Design Step 10 Yes Design for Flexure Strength Limit State S6. 10. 4 (Flexural resistance in terms of moment) Compact section? No Design Step 3. 10 Design Step 3. 0 Design Step 3. 11 Design for soak S6. 10. 7 Note P denotes Positive Flexure. N denotes Negative Flexure. Go to E FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 3 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 E No Transverse intermediate stiffeners? If no stiffeners are used, then the girder must be designed for shear based on the use of an unstiffened web. Design includes Select single-plate or double-plate Compute proj ecting width, moment of inertia, and area Check slenderness requirements (S6. 10. 8. 1. 2) Check stiffness requirements (S6. 10. 8. 1. 3) Check strength requirements (S6. 0. 8. 1. 4) If no longitudinal stiffeners are used, then the girder must be designed for shear based on the use of either an unstiffened or a transversely stiffened web, as applicable. Design includes Determine required locations Select stiffener sizes Compute projecting width and moment of inertia Check slenderness requirements Check stiffness requirements Yes Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 1 Design Step 3. 12 Design Transverse Intermediate Stiffeners S6. 10. 8. 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimat e Chart 10 Design Completed No Longitudinal stiffeners? Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Yes Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 3. 13 Design Longitudinal Stiffeners S6. 10. 8. 3 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Go to F FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 4 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 F No Is stiffened web most cost effective? Yes Use unstiffened web in steel girder design.Use stiffened web in steel girder design. Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3. 14 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design for Flexure tire out and Fracture Limit State S6. 6. 1. 2 &038 S6. 10. 6 No Are girder splices required? Yes Check Fatigue load (S3. 6. 1. 4) Load-induced fatigue (S6. 6. 1. 2) Fatigue requirements for webs (S6. 10. 6) Distortion induced fatigue Fracture Compute Live load deflection (optional) (S2. 5. 2. 6. 2) Permanent deflection (S6. 10. 5) Check Web slend erness Compression flange slenderness Compression flange bracing ShearDesign Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 5 Design Step 3. 15 Design for Flexure Service Limit State S2. 5. 2. 6. 2 &038 S6. 10. 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 3. 16 Design for Flexure Constructibility Check S6. 10. 3. 2 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Go to G FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 5 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 GStart General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 3. 17 Check Wind Effects on Girder Flanges S6. 10. 3. 5 Design Step 1 Refer to Design Step 3. 9 for determination of compact or noncompact section. Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Have all positive and negative flexure design sections been checked?No Go to D (and reprise flexural checks) Design Step 5 Yes Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Were all specification checks satisfied, and is the girder optimized? No Go to A Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Yes Design Step 3. 18 Draw Schematic of Final Steel Girder Design Return to Main Flowchart FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 6 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Bolted Field Splice Design Flowchart Chart 4 Start Includes Splice location Girder section properties Material and bolt properties Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3Design Step 4. 1 Obtain Design Criteria Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Design Step 4. 2 Select Girder Section as Basis for Field Splice Design S6. 13. 6. 1. 1 Design bolted field splice based on the smaller coterminous girder section (S6. 13. 6. 1. 1). No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Left Design Step 5 Which adjacent girder section is smaller? RightDesign Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design bolted field splice based on left adjacent girder section properties. Design bolted field splice based on right adjacent girder section properties. Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Design Step 4. 3 Compute Flange Splice Design Loads 6. 13. 6. 1. 4c Includes Girder moments Strength stresses and forces Service stresses and forces Fatigue stresses and forces Controlling and noncontr olling flange locution moments and shears Go to A FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Bolted Field Splice Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 4Check Yielding / fracture of splice plates Block shear rupture resistance (S6. 13. 4) Shear of flange bolts Slip resistance Minimum spacing (6. 13. 2. 6. 1) Maximum spacing for sealing (6. 13. 2. 6. 2) Maximum pitch for sew bolts (6. 13. 2. 6. 3) abut distance (6. 13. 2. 6. 6) Bearing at bolt holes (6. 13. 2. 9) Fatigue of splice plates (6. 6. 1) Control of permanent deflection (6. 10. 5. 2) A Design Step 4. 4 Design Bottom Flange Splice 6. 13. 6. 1. 4c Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required?Design Step 4. 5 Yes Design Top Flange Splice S6. 13. 6. 1. 4c Check Refer to Design Step 4. 4 Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearin g Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 4. 6 Design Step 7 Compute Web Splice Design Loads S6. 13. 6. 1. 4b Design Step 8 Check Girder shear forces Shear resistance for strength Web moments and horizontal force resultants for strength, service and fatigueDesign Step 9 Design Step 10 Go to B FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Bolted Field Splice Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 4 B Check Bolt shear strength Shear yielding of splice plate (6. 13. 5. 3) Fracture on the net section (6. 13. 4) Block shear rupture resistance (6. 13. 4) Flexural yielding of splice plates Bearing resistance (6. 13. 2. 9) Fatigue of splice plates (6. 6. 1. 2. 2) Both the top and bottom flange splices must be designed, and they are designed using the similar procedures.Are both the top and bottom f lange splice designs completed? No Go to A Design Step 4. 7 Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 1 Design Web Splice S6. 13. 6. 1. 4b Design Step 2 Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 7Yes Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Do all bolt patterns assemble all specifications? No Go to A Yes Design Step 4. 8 Draw Schematic of Final Bolted Field Splice Design Return to Main Flowchart FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 3 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Miscellaneous Steel Design Flowchart Chart 5 Start No Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Comp osite section? For a composite section, shear connectors are required to develop composite action between the steel girder and the concrete deck.Design includes Shear connector details (type, length, diameter, transverse spacing, cover, penetration, and pitch) Design for fatigue resistance (S6. 10. 7. 4. 2) Check for strength limit state (positive and negative flexure regions) (S6. 10. 7. 4. 4) Design includes Determine required locations (abutments and interior supports) Select stiffener sizes and arrangement Compute projecting width and effective section Check bearing resistance Check axial resistance Check slenderness requirements (S6. 9. 3) Check nominal compressive resistance (S6. 9. 2. 1 and S6. 9. 4. ) Design Step 1 Yes Design Step 2 Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required? Design Step 5. 1 Yes Design Shear Connectors S6. 10. 7. 4 Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Design Step 5 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 5. 2 Design Bearing Stiffeners S6. 10. 8. 2 Design Step 10 Go to A FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Miscellaneous Steel Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 5 A Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 1 Design Design Welded Connections Step 5. 3 S6. 13. 3 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Design includes Determine required locations Determine weld type Compute factored resistance (tension, compression, and shear) Check effective area (required and minimum) Check minimum effective length requirements To determine the need for diaphragms or cross frames, refer to S6. . 4. 1. No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 No Are diaphragms or cross frames required? Desi gn Step 5 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 6 Yes Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Design Step 5. 4 Design Cross-frames S6. 7. 4 Go to BDesign includes Obtain required locations and spacing (determined during girder design) Design cross frames over supports and intermediate cross frames Check guide of lateral draw loads Check stability of girder compression flanges during erecting Check distribution of vertical loads applied to structure Design cross frame members Design connections FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Miscellaneous Steel Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 5 B Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 1 No Is lateral bracing required?To determine the need for lateral bracing, refer to S6. 7. 5. 1. Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Yes No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Design Step 5. 5 Design Lateral lively S6. 7. 5 Design Step 5 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design includes Check transfer of lateral wind loads Check control of deformation during erection and placement of deck Design bracing members Design connections Design Step 6Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 5. 6 Compute Girder Camber S6. 7. 2 Design Step 10 Return to Main Flowchart Compute the following camber components Camber payable to dead load of morphologic steel Camber due to dead load of concrete deck Camber due to superimposed dead load Camber due to vertical profile Residual camber (if any) Total camber FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 3 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Bearing Design Flowchart Chart 6 Start Includes question (longitudinal and transverse) Rotation (longitudinal, transverse, and vertical) Loads (longitudinal, transverse, and vertical)Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 6. 1 Obtain Design Criteria Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 6. 2 Select Optimum Bearing Type S14. 6. 2 See refer of bearing types and selection criteria in AASHTO Table 14. 6. 2-1. Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design CompletedSteelreinforced elastomeric bearing? No Design selected bearing type in accordance with S14. 7. Includes Pad length Pad width Thickness of elast omeric layers Number of steel reinforcement layers Thickness of steel reinforcement layers Edge distance Material properties Method A usually results in a bearing with a lower capacity than Method B. However, Method B requires additional testing and quality control (SC14. 7. 5. 1). Note Method A is described in S14. 7. 6. Method B is described in S14. 7. 5. Design Step 7 Yes Design Step 8 Design Step 9 A